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Subject: Co$ & Totalitarianism----Footnotes & Source List 5/5
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1.Metro Santa Cruz, February 1998. 
2.Arendt, Hannah, Origins of Totalitarianism, (1976).
3.L. Ron Hubbard is the founder of Scientology.
4.Information on Hubbard's life comes from Jon Atack's A Piece of Blue Sky,
Bent Corydon's Messiah or Madman? and Russell Miller's Bare-FacedMessiah.
5.Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, Corydon, Messiah or Madman?, Miller,
Bare-Faced Messiah.
6.Lane, Ann, Hannah Arendt, Class Lecture, 21 January 1999.
8.Heinrich Himmler, a prominent member of the Nazi party, was responsible
for the organization of the SS-men, who compromised an elite formation of
Nazi stormtroopers.
9.Arendt, Hannah, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 316.
10.Hubbard, L. Ron, Scientology 8-8008, 1953.
11.Cecil Rhodes was a British statesman and imperialist responsible for
gaining considerable British territory in the late nineteenth century.
12.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 316.
13.Hubbard, L. Ron, Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, 1950,
p. 400.
14.Miller, Russell, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 183.
15.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 323.
16.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 326.
17.Ibid., p. 326.
18.Hubbard, L. Ron, What is Scientology?, 1963.
19.Hubbard, Dianetics, p. 407.
20.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 332.
21.The History of Man was originally published in 1952 under the title What
to Audit. Since then, it has been continually used and sold by
Scientologists.
22.Hubbard, L. Ron, The History of Man, p. 3.
23.For example, the mollusk (one of Hubbard's key evolutionary stages) had
trouble catching air while rolling in the surf for half a million years,
pumping sea water out of its shell as it breathed. Hubbard called this
mollusk the "Weeper" or the "Boohoo." Weepers had the anxiety caused by
trying to gulp air before being swamped by the next wave. 'The inability of
a pre-clear [amateur Scientologist] to cry,' Hubbard explained, 'is partly
a hang-up in the Weeper. He is about to be hit by a wave, has his eyes full
of sand or is frightened about opening his shell because he may be hit.'
24.Hubbard maintained that many stigmas also come from the clam stage. The
clam's big problem was that there was a conflict between the hinge that
wanted to open and the hinge that wanted to close. It was easy to
restimulate the engram [unconscious memory or feeling] caused by the defeat
of the weaker hinge, Hubbard pronounced, by asking a pre-clear to imagine a
clam on a beach opening and closing its shell very rapidly and at the same
time making an opening and closing motion with thumb and forefinger. This
gesture, he said, would upset large numbers of people. 'By the way,' he
warned, 'your discussion of these incidents with the uninitiated in
Scientology can cause havoc. Should you describe the "clam" to some one
[sic], you may restimulate it in him to the extent of causing severe jaw
pain. Once such victim, after hearing about a clam death, could not use his
jaws for three days.'
25.Hubbard, The History of Man, p. 97.
26.Unfortunately for Hubbard, just twelve months after The History of Man
was published, the supposed fossil remains of primitive man found in
Piltdown
Common in southern England were exposed as a hoax. The Piltdown Man had
never existed.
27.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 333.
28.Hubbard, Dianetics, p. 407.
29.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 333.
30.Information on David Miscavige comes from Jon Atack's A Piece of Blue
Sky and Russell Miller's Bare-Faced Messiah.
31.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 362.
32.Engram: "A moment of greater or lesser 'unconsciousness' on the part of
the analytic mind which permits the reactive mind to record the content of
the moment." Basically, an engram is a painful past experience stored by
the unconscious mind in times of stress. It is defined by Dorland's Medical
Dictionary as "lasting mark or trace." (Corydon, Messiah or Madman?, p.
396, Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 151).
33.Aberration, as defined by Hubbard, was a constraint imposed on the brain
by physical or emotional harm. (Miller, p. 154).
34.The idea of past, submerged memories containing an emotional electronic
"charge" that can possibly be contacted and released. Retaining charge can
affect the subject adversely.
35.The object of Dianetics is to clear the reactive (bad) mind, so that the
analytic (good) mind could function, like the optimum computer, at full
efficiency. Consequentially, the individual's IQ would rise dramatically,
he would be freed of all psychological and psychosomatic illnesses and his
memory would improve to the point of total recall. (Miller, p. 154).
36.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 348.
37.Hubbard, Dianetics Lecture Series, 1978, Engram Chain Running, 1963.
38.Hubbard, Engram Chain Running. Arendt notes that the official handbook
for the Hitler Youth program emphasized that Nazi ideology is "clear,
simple,
and
definite, so that every comrade can understand and cooperate in their
solution." (Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 348).
39.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 374.
40.Ibid., p. 375.
41.Ibid., p. 375.
42.Information on the CMO comes from Russell Miller's Bare-Faced Messiah.
43.Time and space unfortunately do not permit me to examine this aspect of
Scientology further. However, the girl messengers' obedience to Hubbard
strongly suggests the keeping a dominant gender order, at least within the
Sea Org. There is also a voyeuristic and arguably sexual element to the
girls' roles in relation toward Hubbard.
44.Punishments for mistakes included having to jump overboard off the huge
boat, wear a gray rag tied around the arm, or simply be screamed at by
another Scientologist. Later in my thesis, I will discuss a more severe
form of punishment, the RPF.
45.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 374.
46.Ibid., p. 324.
47.The author wishes to remain anonymous, Operation Clambake, available
from http://home.kvalito.no/~xenu/disk/NOTs/gb1.htm.
48.Pignotti, Monica, My Nine Lives in Scientology, p. 174.
49.Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, p. 92. Adolf Eichmann was a prominent
German Nazi war criminal and leader who headed the Jewish extermination
campaign.
50.The Scientology and Dianetics Glossary is available at
http://www.scientology.org/gloss.htm.
51.For example, "auditor" is defined as: "a person trained and qualified in
applying Dianetics and/or Scientology processes and procedures to
individuals for their betterment; called an auditor because auditor means
one who listens." (Scientology and Dianetics Glossary)
52."ARC: a word made from the initial letters of Affinity, Reality and
Communication, which together equate to Understanding. It is pronounced by
stating its letters, A-R-C. To Scientologists it has come to mean good
feeling, love or friendliness, such as, 'He was in ARC with his friend.'
One does not, however, fall out of ARC; he has an ARC break." (Scientology
and Dianetics Glossary)
53.Merriam Webster Dictionary, 1994.
54.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 388.
55.From The Scientology and Dianetics Glossary: "space opera: of or
relating to time periods on the whole track millions of years ago which
concerned activities in this and other galaxies. Space opera has space
travel, spaceships, spacemen, intergalactic travel, wars, conflicts, other
beings, civilizations and societies, and other planets and galaxies. It is
not fiction and concerns actual incidents and things that occurred during a
person's existence in this universe."
56.Atack, Jon, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 31-32. Hubbard's original document,
called OT(Operating Thetan)3, can be seen at
http://home.sol.no/~spirous/CoS/secret.html.
57.The Scientology and Dianetics Glossary. The following definitions also
come from this glossary.
58."circuit: a part of an individual's bank that behaves as though it were
someone or something separate from him and that either talks to him or goes
into action of its own accord, and may even, if severe enough, take control
of him while it operates."
59."erase: to cause an engram to 'vanish' entirely by recounting, at which
time it is filed as memory and experience and ceases to be part of the
reactive mind."
60."processing: the application of Dianetics or Scientology processes to
someone by a trained auditor. The exact definition of processing is: The
action of asking a preclear a question (which he can understand and
answer), getting an answer to that question and acknowledging him for that
answer."
61."terminal: anything used in a communication system; anything that can
receive, relay or send a communication; a man would be a terminal, but a
post (position, job or duty to which a person is assigned) would also be a
terminal; also, things with mass and meaning."
62."aberration: a departure from rational thought or behavior. From the
Latin, aberrare, to wander from; Latin, ab, away, errare, to wander. It
means basically to err, to make mistakes, or more specifically to have
fixed ideas which are not true. The word is also used in its scientific
sense. It means departure from a straight line. If a line should go from A
to B, then if it is aberrated it would go from A to some other point, to
some other point, to some other point, to some other point, to some other
point, and finally arrive at B. Aberrated conduct would be wrong conduct,
or conduct not supported by reason."
63.This is not to say that Scientologists do not want to spread and share
their language. Quite the opposite- they are very adamant about making
Scientology terms available to the public and work diligently to do so.
64.Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, p. 48.
65.Ibid., p. 48.
66."sdraper". 20 Jan. 1999. On-line posting. Newsgroup
alt.religion.scientology.
67.Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, p. 49.
68.Ibid., p. 49.
69.Ibid., p. 53.
70."Chaos merchants" is L. Ron Hubbard's word for evil people with intent
to destroy Scientology.
71.The Scientology and Dianetics Glossary. "Suppressive actions are high
crimes and result in dismissal from Scientology and its organizations."
72.Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, p. 49.
73.Ibid., p. 85.
74.Hubbard, L. Ron, Lecture, 16 January 1968. Non-Scientologists are also
called "Wogs," which Hubbard adapted from a British racial slur to describe
Arabs and Asians. It is a demeaning term, standing for "Worthy Oriental
Gentleman." In Scientology it is used to describe the Human race. (Messiah
or Madman, p. 402).
75.Hubbard, L. Ron, Lecture, 23 August 1971. (Messiah or Madman?, p. 325.)
76.The Scientology and Dianetics Glossary: "overt act: an act of omission
or commission which does the least good for the least number of dynamics or
the most harm to the greatest number of dynamics." In Scientology-speak,
"dynamics" are motivations for survival. An overt act is thus an act
against life.
77.Ibid., "withhold: an unspoken, unannounced transgression against a moral
code by which the person was bound. Something the preclear did that he or
she is not talking about. A withhold is always the manifestation which
comes after an overt. Any withhold comes after an overt."
78.Wallis, Roy, The Road to Total Freedom, p. 116. The same phrase also
appears in Hubbard's E-Meter Essentials, 1961.
79.Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 203.
80.A "preclear" is an individual who has not yet achieved the state of
"clear," a state in Scientology which Hubbard said enabled man to become
totally free from the contents of his reactive mind. Preclears are amateur
Scientologists who must engage in the auditing process in order to work
their way up "the bridge"; that is, "The Bridge to Total Freedom" which
Scientology claims to have mapped out with scientific certainty.
81.Hubbard, E-Meter Essentials, 1961. Available at
http://e-meter.org.uk/page06.htm
82.Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 128. An E-meter currently costs about
$3500. This figure was confirmed by my recent encounter with Scientologists
on 24 April 1999.
83.Malko, George, Scientology- The Now Religion, p. 63.
84.Penny, Wakefield, Social Control in Scientology: The Road to Xemu, p.
106.
85.Corydon, Messiah or Madman?, p. 152.
86.Hubbard, E-meter Essentials, p. 35.
87.Ibid., p. 36. It was mainly Scientologists who stressed the accuracy of
the E-meter as a scientific measure of "mental energy." Numerous
independent (i.e. non-Scientology initiated) studies have concluded that
the E-meter is an extremely poor diagnostic tool. Scott, Perry, A Study of
E-meter Frequency Response,
http://www.ezlink.com/~perry/CoS/freq_resp.html.
88.Lane, Ann, Hannah Arendt, Class Lecture, 28 January 1999.
89.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 346.
90.Ibid., p. 345.
91.Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 153. Dianetics first appeared in the May
1950 issue of Astounding Science Fiction.
92.Ibid., p. 153.
93.Ibid., p. 57. Hubbard claimed to have a degree in both civil engineering
and nuclear physics. These were outright lies. He dropped out of college
after two years upon receiving very poor grades and failed the only class
he ever took in molecular and atomic physics.
94.Hubbard, Dianetics: A Modern Science of Mental Health, 1950, p. 420,
424. Hubbard's linear maps of the human mind were included in the 1950
release of Dianetics. Interestingly, the maps were removed in later
editions of the book, most likely due to increasing criticism of his
"science of the mind" and allegations of hoax. Hubbard was well-known for
constantly changing his theories of "scientific certainty."
95.Ibid., p. 421. An example of Hubbard's writing: "When exterior
determinism enters into the human being so as to overbalance his self
determinism the correctness of his solutions fall off rapidly."
96.Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 201.
97.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 383.
98.Ibid., p. 384.
99.Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 202. Hubbard erroneously believed the
word "scientology" to be his own invention. Actually, Alan Upward coined
the word in 1907, using it to characterize and ridicule pseudoscientific
theories. In 1934, A. Nordenholz, a German advocate of Aryan racial theory,
had also used the word in an obscure philosophical work. (Atack, A Piece of
Blue Sky, p. 128)
100.Malko, Scientology- The Now Religion, p. 61.
101.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 468.
102.Ibid., p. 468.
103.Ibid., p. 471.
104.Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 243. Many of the question reflected
Hubbard's morbid preoccupation with sexual deviation ("Have you ever had
sex with a member of your family?) and a wide range of crimes were also
probed ("Have you ever had anything to do with a baby farm?" and "Have you
ever done any elicit diamond buying?")
105.Corydon, Messiah or Madman?, p. 433.
106.Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 151. Burroughs, William, Naked
Scientology, p. 85. When Burroughs had a "reading" on this question, he
explained it saying "He's so beautiful, he dazzles me. I can't help
resenting it sometimes.." Apparently this was enough to clear the meter and
move onto the next question.
107.Touretzky, David, Secrets of Scientology- the E-meter,
http://www.cs.cmu/edu/~dst/Secrets/E-meter. The cost of "Integrity
Processing" currently ranges from $250 to $500 per hour.
108.There is justification for this suspicion, as thousands have left the
movement, including many who are now leaders in the fight against
Scientology.
109.As defined by Merriam Webster Dictionary, 1994.
110.Hubbard, E-Meter Essentials, 1961.
111.Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 308.
112.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 352.
113.Hubbard, Scientology- A New Slant on Life, p. 76.
114.Corydon, Messiah or Madman?, p, 438. Once "clear," the Scientologist is
ready for the advanced OT levels. OT3, which I mentioned earlier, is where
the member finds out about Xemu.
115.Atack, The Total Freedom Trap, p. 14-15. Hubbard's elaborate
therapeutic "Bridge" begins with the Communication Course Training Routine,
or "TRs." Supposed to enhance the ability to communicate, the TRs have been
called "the most overt form of hypnosis used by any destructive cult."
116.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 392.
117.Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 263. Sea Org members also live on land
as well. Their visual trademark is the navy sailor suit they wear.
118.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 411.
119.Corydon, Messiah or Madman?, p. 354.
120.http://keshet.bluesky.org/bulgrav.htm.
121.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 415.
122.Ibid., p. 367.
123.Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 376.
124.Ibid., p. 376.
125.Hubbard Communications Office Bulletin, 29 January 1980. (Ibid., p.
261).
126.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 351.
127.Ibid., p. 360.
128.Ibid., p. 424.
129.Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 262. According to Hubbard, psychiatrists
"were on their way to turning every baby into a future robot for the
manipulation of the state and every society into a madhouse of crime and
immorality." Scientology movies portray psychiatrists as crazy men,
laughing sadistically as they stab mice with needles. Scientologists are
told that psychiatrists frequently use electroshock therapy and lobotomies
on their patients. (Voytinsky, Michael, Among the Clams-An Afternoon with
Scientologists, 1997, available from http://www.xenu.net.)
130.Ibid., p. 34.
131.Many people have remarked that the language of psychology is a
profoundly powerful and dominant way of understanding in late twentieth
century America. Although a discussion of this topic is beyond the theme of
this thesis, it is interesting to note that Hubbard may have been quite
aware of the epistemological forces he was up against. At the same time,
Scientology presents itself as a self-help group, which is a significant
part of the psychotherapy culture that Hubbard claimed to despise.
132.Hubbard, The People, 20 March 1966. (Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p.
161). Scientology also induces a phobic reaction toward mental health
practitioners, so members are usually unwilling to seek professional help
in untangling themselves from the cult.
133.Lane, Ann, Hannah Arendt, Class Lecture, 26 January 1999.
134.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 425.
135.Ibid., p. 306.
136.Ibid., p. 409.
137.Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 243.
138.Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 35, 146.
139.Atack, The Total Freedom Trap, p. 15. Hubbard was supposedly hard at
work on the newer OT levels before he died, so the Church of Scientology
can continue releasing the new levels at its discretion. OT (Operating
Thetan) 8 is the currently the latest level in the Scientology grade chart.
Although OT8 is highly guarded, information has leaked: Among other things,
OT8 asserts that Hubbard created all the living beings in the universe.
140.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 326.
141.Ibid., p. 326.
142.Ibid., p. 463.
143.Hubbard, Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, p. 404.
144.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 464.
145.Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 251. The strict "Ethics" system is
accounted for by adding up points to measure the production level of each
Scientologist. The "stats" are then graphed according to point value. Staff
members are assigned an "Ethics Condition" every week in accordance with
their stats. A slight upward trend on the graph is called Normal, while a
level graph, or a slight downward one, is termed Emergency. For each Ethics
Condition, there is a "Formula" to be applied, which is supposed to get the
individual's stats to rise. (Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 172.).
146.Ibid., p. 252.
147.Ibid., p. 252.
148.Hubbard Communications Office Bulletin, "Penalties for Lower
Conditions," 18 October 1967. (Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 175).
149.Atack, The Total Freedom Trap, p. 18.
150.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 430.
151.Ibid., p. 422.
152.Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 348. There was a particularly feared
phenomenon on the E-Meter called a "Rock Slam," when the needle wavered
violently, apparently indicating a discreditable thought. "Rock Slams"
almost inevitably led to long periods of incarceration in an RPF.
153.Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 173. The results of this decision were
sometimes ridiculous. For instance, at Saint Hill (Hubbard's Scientology
center in England), a local caterer was put into a condition of Liability
for running out of apple pie. When he failed to apply the Liability
Formula, he was declared Suppressive, which meant that Scientologists could
not communicate with him, let alone buy his replenished stocks of apple
pie.
154.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 430.
155.Ibid., p. 430.
156.Ibid., p. 394.
157.Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 173. The milder non-Sea Org penalties
required that the offender "Must wear old clothes. May not bathe. No lunch
hour is given and such persons are expected not to leave the premises.
Lowest pay with no bonuses."
158.Ibid., p. 180.
159.Ibid., p. 180.
160.Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 292.
161.Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 181.
162.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 427.
163.Atack, The Total Freedom Trap, p. 17.
164.Miller, Bare-Faced Messiah, p. 321.
165.Ibid., p. 321.
166.Corydon, Messiah or Madman?, p. 442.
167.Atack, A Piece of Blue Sky, p. 206. The RPF rapidly swelled to include
anyone who had incurred Hubbard's disfavor. "If the cook burned Hubbard's
food-RPF. If a messenger complained about someone- RPF."
168.Ibid., p. 206. From the affidavit of Gerald Armstrong, March 1986.
169.Atack, The Total Freedom Trap, p. 17. Many Scientologists work for the
organization, doing various jobs. Typically, pay is pitifully low.
170.Ibid., p. 17. Only when RPF members accept the authority of their
superiors are they allowed to leave the RPF, which can take up to two years
to complete.
171.Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 437.
172.Ibid., p. 380.
173.Ibid., p. 370. A case in point here is Hitler's Röhm purge of 1934,
when high level Nazi official Ernst Röhm and his colleagues were killed for
having a differing opinion regarding the direction of the Nazi regime.
174.Ibid., p. 392.
175.Ibid., p. 438.
176.Ibid., p. 363.
177.Ibid., p. 385.


Source List



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------- Origins of Totalitarianism, San Diego: Harcourt, 1973.

Atack, Jon, A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard
Exposed, New York: Carol, 1990.

------- The Total Freedom Trap, Sussex: Theta Communications, 1992.

Burroughs, William, Naked Scientology, Bonn: Expanded Media, 1978.

Cooper, Paulette, The Scandal of Scientology, New York: Tower, 1971.

Corydon, Bent, Hubbard, L.Ron Jr., L. Ron Hubbard- Messiah or Madman?, New
York: Lyle Stuart, 1987.

Garrison, Omar V., The Hidden Story of Scientology, London: Arlington,
1974.

Heldal-Lund, Andreas, Operation Clambake, http://www.xenu.net.

Hubbard, L. Ron, Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, Los
Angeles: The American St. Hill Organization, 1950.

------- Dianetics Lecture Series, Audio Tape Series, Los Angeles: Bridge
Publications, 1978.

------- Dianetics and Scientology Technical Dictionary, Los Angeles: The
American St. Hill Organization, 1975.

------- The Dynamics of Life, Los Angeles: Bridge Publications, 1983.

------- Engram Chain Running, Audio Tape, Los Angeles: Bridge Publications,
1963.

------- The History of Man, Los Angeles: The American St. Hill
Organization, 1952.

------- Scientology 8-8008, Los Angeles: The American St. Hill
Organization, 1953.

------- Scientology- A New Slant on Life, Los Angeles: The Church of
Scientology, 1972.

------- Slaves of Sleep, Los Angeles: Bridge Publications, 1993.

------- What is Scientology?, Los Angeles: Bridge Publications, 1963.

Malko, George, Scientology- The Now Religion, New York: Delacorte, 1970.

Miller, Russell, Bare-Faced Messiah: The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard, New
York:

Henry Holt, 1987.

Penny, Bob, Wakefield, Margery, Social Control in Scientology: The Road to
Xemu, Factnet BBS, 1993.

Pignotti, Monica, My Nine Lives in Scientology,
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library

Shelf/pignotti/, 1989.

Wallis, Roy, The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of
Scientology, London: Heinemann, 1976.



Copyright (c) 1999 Laura Kay Fuller.

end